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08500 OUTLINE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL DOCTRINES OF THE BIBLE BY DAVID ALLEN REED President of the Bible Normal College, Springfield, Mass --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Concerning God Topic Number 1) His Being 1a) Attributes 8501 1b) The Trinity 8502 2) His Works 2a) Creation 8503 2b) Providence 8504 2c) Angels 8505 2. Concerning Man 8506 1) Created 2) Common Origin 3) Compound Being 4) Offspring of God 5) In God's Image 6) Under Law 3. Concerning Sin 8507 1) Its nature 2) Its extent and penalty 4. Concerning Redemption 8508 1) Introductory and General Statements 2) The Person of the Redeemer 8550 2a) Truly God 2b) Truly Man 2c) Truly God and Man 3) The Work of the Redeemer As 8551 3a) Prophet 3b) Priest 3c) King 4) The Work of the Holy Spirit in Redemption 8552 5) The Work of Redemption Viewed In Its 8553 Relations to the Believer 5a) The Union Between Christ and the Believer 5b) Related Doctrines 5b1) Repentance 5b2) Faith 5b3) Regeneration 5b4) Justification 5b5) Adoption 5b6) Sanctification 6) The Union Between Believers: 8600 The Church and Its Institutions 7) Eschatology 7a) Death, and the state of the soul after 8601 death 7b) The resurrection 8602 7c) The second advent and the general 8603 judgment 7d) Heaven and Hell 8604 08501 \\Chapter 1 - Concerning God\\ 1) His Being 1a) ATTRIBUTES 1a1) Self Existence. Life in himself; underived; inexhaustible. # Ps 36:9 Isa 41:4 Joh 5:26 Ac 17:24,25 Ro 11:35,36 "In the beginning God" # Ge 1:1 "I AM" # Ex 3:14 1a2) Spirituality, God is a Spirit # Ge 1:2 De 4:15-19 Ps 139:7 Isa 60:1 Eze 37:14 39:29 # Joe 2:28,29 Joh 4:24 Ac 17:28 Heb 12:9 Ro 8:9,15,16 # 1Co 2:11 2Co 3:17 1a3) Unity. The ONLY God. # Ex 20:3 De 4:35,39 6:4 1Sa 2:2 2Sa 7:22 1Ki 8:60 # 2Ki 19:15 Ne 9:6 Ps 86:10 Isa 44:6-8 45:22 Jer 10:10 # Joe 2:27 Zec 14:9 Mr 12:29 Joh 17:3 Ro 1:21-23 1Co 8:4-6 # Ga 3:20 Eph 4:6 1Ti 2:5 1a4) Eternity. Unlimited by time. # Ge 21:33 Ex 15:18 De 32:40 1Ch 16:36 Ne 9:5 Ps 90:1-4 # Isa 44:6 48:12 57:15 Jer 10:10 La 5:19 Da 4:3,34 # Mic 4:7 Hab 1:12 Ro 1:20 16:26 1Ti 1:17 Heb 1:10-12 # 2Pe 3:8 Re 4:8-10 1a5) Immutability. Unchangeable in nature, or purpose # Ex 3:15 Nu 23:19 1Sa 15:29 Ps 33:11 Pr 19:21 Ec 3:14 # Isa 14:24 Eze 24:14 Mal 3:6 Ro 11:29 Heb 6:17,18 Jas 1:17 1a6) Omnipresence. Unlimited by space. # Ge 28:15,16 De 4:39 Jos 2:11 1Ki 8:27 Ps 139:7-10 # Pr 15:3,11 Isa 66:1 Jer 23:23,24 Am 9:2-4,6 # Ac 7:48,49 17:27,28 * Immanence # Eph 1:23 1a7) Omniscience. Cognisant of all things. # Ge 18:18,19 25:23 Ex 3:19 De 31:21 1Sa 2:3 1Ki 8:39 # 2Ki 8:10,13 1Ch 28:9 Ps 94:9,11 139:1-16 147:4,5 # Pr 15:3,11 Isa 29:15,16 40:28 Jer 1:4,5 16:17 Eze 11:5 # Da 2:22,28 Ho 7:2 Am 4:13 Na 1:7 Zec 4:10 Mt 6:4,6,8,18 # Lu 16:15 Ac 15:8,18 Ro 8:27,29 1Co 3:20 2Ti 2:19 # Heb 4:13 1Pe 1:2 1Jo 3:20 1a8) Wisdom. God realises the best designs by the best possible means. # Ps 104:24 Pr 3:19 Isa 28:29 Jer 10:12 Da 2:20,21 Ro 11:33 # 1Co 1:24,25,30 2:6,7 Eph 3:10 Col 2:2,3 1a9) Omnipotence. In the truest sense nothing is impossible # Ge 1:1 17:1 18:14 Ex 15:7 De 3:24 32:39 1Sa 14:6 # 1Ch 16:25 2Ch 20:6 Job 40:2,9 42:2 * read together # Ps 33:9 135:6 # Isa 40:12-15 Jer 32:17 Eze 10:5 Da 3:17 4:35 Am 4:13 5:8 # Zec 12:1 Mt 19:26 Mr 10:27 Lu 1:37 18:27 Ro 1:20 # Eph 1:19 3:20 Col 1:16,17 Re 15:3 19:6 1a10) Holiness. Absolute moral purity. Can neither sin not tolerate sin. # Ex 15:11 Le 11:44,45 20:26 De 32:4 Jos 24:19 1Sa 2:2 # 2Sa 22:31 Ezr 9:15 Ps 5:4 111:9 145:17 Isa 6:3 43:14,15 # Jer 23:29 Eze 39:7 Da 9:7,14 Hab 1:13 Zec 8:8 Mal 2:17 # Mt 5:48 Lu 1:49 Joh 17:11 Jas 1:13 1Pe 1:15,16 # 1Jo 1:5 3:3 Re 4:8 15:3,4 1a11) Justice. Demands righteousness of his creatures and deals righteously toward them. # Ge 18:23-32 Ex 20:5,6 De 7:9,10 10:17,18 24:16 2Ch 19:7 # Ne 9:23 Ps 9:8,16 89:14 Pr 24:12 Isa 9:7 45:21 # Jer 17:10 32:19 La 1:18 Eze 18:1-32 33:18-20 Da 9:7,14 Na 1:3 # Zep 3:5 Lu 12:47,48 Ac 10:34,35 17:31 Ro 11:2,5-11 3:26 # Ga 2:6 6:7,8 Eph 6:8,9 Col 3:25 Heb 6:10 1Pe 1:17 # 2Pe 2:9 1Jo 1:9 Jude 1:14,15 Re 16:17 1a12) Goodness. "Includes benevolence, love, mercy, grace."--Hodge # Ge 19:16 Ex 34:6,7 Nu 14:18 De 4:31 7:7,8 Jud 2:18 # 1Ki 8:23 2Ki 13:23 1Ch 16:34 2Ch 30:9 Ne 9:17,31 # Ps 23:1-6 25:8-10 86:5,15 Pr 22:23 Isa 63:9 # Jer 3:12 31:3 La 3:22,23 Eze 33:11 Da 9:9 Ho 11:1-4,8,9 # Joe 2:13 Jon 4:2,10,11 Mic 7:18-20 Na 1:7 Zep 3:17 # Zec 9:17 Mal 1:2 Mt 5:45 19:17 Lu 1:50 6:36 Joh 3:16 # Ac 14:17 Ro 2:4 5:8 8:38,39 2Co 1:3 13:11 Eph 2:4,7 # 2Th 2:16 Tit 2:11 3:4,5 Jas 5:11 1Pe 1:3 2Pe 3:9 # 1Jo 3:1 4:7-10,16 1a13) Faithfulness. Absolutely trustworthy. His words will not fail. # Ex 34:6 Nu 23:19 De 4:31 31:7,9 Jos 21:43-45 23:14 # 1Sa 15:29 2Sa 7:28 1Ki 8:24,56 Ps 105:8 119:89,90 # Isa 25:1 49:7 Jer 4:28 La 3:23 Eze 12:25 16:60,62 # Da 9:4 Mic 7:20 Lu 18:7,8 Joh 3:33 Ro 3:4 15:8 # 1Co 1:9 10:13 2Co 1:20 1Th 5:24 2Th 3:3 2Ti 2:13 # Tit 1:2 Heb 6:18 10:23 1Pe 4:19 2Pe 3:9,13 * read with 3,4,8 # 2Pe 3,4,8 1Jo 1:9 Re 15:3 08502 \\Chapter 1 - Concerning God\\ 1) His Being 1b) The Trinity By the Trinity is meant the unity of three persons in one Godhead; Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Representing God as one, the Scriptures also ascribe divinity to Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Outline of the Argument ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1) God is one. Unity is ascribed to God. 2) The Father is divine: a distinct person. 3) The Son is divine: a distinct person. 4) The Holy Spirit is divine: a distinct person. 5) The Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are classed together, separately from all other beings. Details of the Argument ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1) God is one. # Ex 20:3 De 4:35,39 6:4 1Sa 2:2 2Sa 7:22 1Ki 8:60 # 2Ki 19:15 Ne 9:6 Ps 86:10 Isa 44:6-8 45:22 Jer 10:10 # Joe 2:27 Zec 14:9 Mr 12:29 Joh 17:3 Ro 1:21-23 1Co 8:4-6 # Ga 3:20 Eph 4:6 1Ti 2:5 2) The Father is divine and a distinct person. The word "Father" is used in the Scriptures in a two-fold sense in relation to the Godhead: sometimes as equivalent to God, sometimes to the first person of the Trinity. 2a) Passages where "Father" is used as equivalent to God, not implying personal distinctions. # De 32:6 2Sa 7:14 1Ch 29:10 Ps 89:26 Isa 63:16 Jer 3:19 # Mal 2:10 Mt 6:9 Mr 11:25 Lu 12:30 Joh 4:21,23,24 2Co 6:18 # Php 4:20 Jas 1:17 1Jo 2:15,16 2b) Passages applied to God in contrast with Christ, denoting a special relation to Christ as Son, in his office of Redeemer. # Ps 2:1-11 Mt 11:27 25:34 Mr 8:38 14:36 Joh 5:18-23,26,27 # Joh 10:15,30 17:1 Ac 2:33 Ro 15:6 1Co 8:6 15:24 2Co 11:31 # Ga 1:1-4 Eph 1:2,3 4:5,6 Php 1:2 1Th 3:11,13 2Th 2:16 # 1Ti 1:2 2Ti 1:2 Tit 1:4 Phm 1:3 1Pe 1:2,3 2Pe 1:17 1Jo 1:3 # 1Jo 4:14 Jude 1:1 Re 3:21 3) The Son divine, a distinct person from the Father. 3a) Christ pre-existent. Existed as a distinct person before he came into the world. # Mic 5:2 Joh 8:56-58 17:5 1Co 15:47 Php 2:6,7 Col 1:17 # 1Jo 1:1 Re 22:13,16 * read 13 & 16 together 3b) Not merely pre-existent, but pre-eminent, above all things except the Father, co-eternal with the Father. # Mt 11:27 28:18 Lu 20:41-44 Joh 3:13,31 Ac 10:36 Ro 14:9 # Eph 1:20-22 Php 2:9,10 Col 1:15,17,18 Heb 1:4-6 1Pe 3:22 # Re 1:5 3:14 3c) Creator of the universe # Joh 1:3 Col 1:16 Heb 1:2,10 3d) Divine attributes ascribed to him 3d1) Omnipotence # Isa 9:6 Mt 28:18 Joh 10:17,18 11:25 1Co 1:24 # Php 3:21 Col 2:10 2Ti 1:10 Heb 1:3 Re 1:8 3d2) Omnipresence # Mt 18:20 28:20 Eph 1:23 3d3) Eternity # Mic 5:2 Joh 1:1 Re 1:8 3d4) Omniscience # Mt 11:27 Lu 10:22 Joh 2:24,25 21:17 # Ac 1:24 Col 2:3 Re 2:23 3d5) The divine name is applied to him as to no other being except the Father, implying supreme divinity. # Ps 102:24,25 Heb 1:8-10 Isa 7:14 9:6 Mal 3:1 # Mt 1:23 Joh 1:1 20:28 Ac 20:28 Ro 9:5 Eph 5:5 # Php 2:6 Col 2:9 Tit 1:3 2:13 Heb 1:8-10 # Ps 102:24,25 2Pe 1:1 1Jo 5:20 Re 17:14 19:16 3d6) Exhibited in the Scriptures as the object of religious worship. # Mt 2:11 14:33 15:25 Lu 24:52 Joh 5:23 Ac 7:59,60 # 1Co 1:2 2Co 12:8,9 Ga 1:5 Php 2:10 1Th 3:11,12 # 2Ti 4:18 Heb 1:6 Ps 97:7 2Pe 3:18 Re 5:13 4) The Holy Spirit is divine and a distinct person from the Father and the Son. 4a) The Holy Spirit is divine. Called the Spirit of the Father, the Spirit of the Son, the Holy Spirit, the Spirit of truth, the Spirit of life. # Ge 1:2 6:3 Ne 9:30 Isa 63:10 Eze 36:27,28 Ac 2:16,17 # Joe 2:28 Mt 10:20 Lu 12:12 Joh 14:16,17 15:26 Ac 5:3,4 28:25 # Ro 8:14 1Co 3:16 Ga 4:6 Eph 1:13 1Th 4:8 Heb 2:4 1Pe 1:2 4b) Is distinct from Father and Son, and is personal. The personal pronoun HE applied to him; personal acts ascribed to him. # Mt 3:16,17 28:19 Mr 1:10,11 Lu 3:21,22 Joh 14:26 15:26 16:13 # Ac 13:2,4 15:28 Ro 8:26 1Co 12:11 4c) Converting, regenerating power ascribed to him # Ne 9:20 Isa 44:3 Eze 36:26,27 37:14 Joe 2:28 Mt 3:11 # Joh 3:5,6 14:26 Ac 9:31 Ro 8:9,11,14 1Co 6:11 2Co 1:22 5:5 # Ga 4:6 5:22 Eph 1:13 3:16 1Th 1:6 2Th 2:13 Tit 3:5 1Pe 1:2 # 1Jo 3:24 Re 22:17 5) The Father, Son, and Spirit are classed together, separately from all other beings, as divine. # Mt 28:19 Ro 8:9,14-17 2Co 13:14 1Pe 1:2 Jude 1:20,21 Result of the Biblical evidence in respect to the divinity of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. 1) That the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are personally distinguished from each other. There is recognised throughout a personal relation of the Father and Son to each other. So of the Holy Spirit to both. 2) They each have divine names and attributes. 3) Yet there is only one God. by H. B. Smith 08503 \\Chapter 1 - Concerning God\\ 2) His Works 2a) Creation 2a1) The Scriptures represent God as the Creator of the universe # Ge 1:1 2Ki 19:15 1Ch 29:11 Ne 9:6 Job 38:4 # Ps 33:6 96:5 102:25 146:5,6 Pr 3:19 Isa 42:5 51:13 # Jer 10:12 32:17 Am 5:8 9:6 Zec 12:1 Joh 1:1-3 # Ac 4:24 17:25 Ro 11:36 Eph 3:9 Col 1:16,17 # Heb 3:4 11:3 2Pe 3:5 Re 4:11 2a2) Creation voluntary on God's part. The universe the product of his will. The First Cause is Mind. # Ge 1:3,4,31 Ps 33:6,9 Eph 1:11 Heb 11:3 Re 4:11 08504 \\Chapter 1 - Concerning God\\ 2) His Works 2b) Providence "This term, in its widest application, signifies the Divine Presence in the world as sustaining, controlling, and guiding to their destination all things that are made. The will of God determines the end for which his creatures exist; his wisdom and his goodness appoint the means by which that end is attained: in the conservation of the frame of nature, in the care of all creatures that have wants, in the government especially of intelligent and probationary beings; and his power ensures the accomplishment of every design."--Pope 2b1) The universe as such is the object of conservation. What God has brought into being is continued in existence by his omnipresent agency. # Ne 9:6 Ps 36:6 66:9 Isa 63:9 Ac 17:28 Col 1:17 Heb 1:3 2b2) That part of creation which is the subject of wants is the object of ceaseless providential care. # Ge 48:15 2Sa 22:2,3 Ps 23:5 147:9 Pr 16:9 # Mt 5:45 6:26,30 Lu 12:6,7 Ac 14:17 1Pe 5:7 2b3) That part of creation which consists of intelligent or probationary creatures is the object of providential government. # Ps 37:23 66:12 Pr 16:7,9 Isa 33:22 Da 4:17 Mt 6:33 7:24-27 # Mr 10:29,30 Lu 6:47-49 Ac 5:38,39 Ro 8:28 Jas 4:12 08505 \\Chapter 1 - Concerning God\\ 2) His works 2c) Angels 2c1) Existence and nature. Spiritual beings, created before man, high in intelligence and mighty in power. # Ge 18:19 32:1,2 # Ge 3:24 Job 38:7 Re 12:9 # Ps 103:20 Mt 13:41 24:36 25:31 1Co 13:1 2Th 1:7 2c2) Orders. There appear to be various orders of angels. # Da 10:13 12:1 Lu 1:19 Eph 1:21 1Th 4:16 Jude 1:7 Re 12:7 2c3) Number. Exceedingly great # De 33:2 Ps 68:17 Da 7:10 Mt 26:53 # Lu 2:13 Heb 12:22 Re 5:11 2c4) Employment 2c4a) Adore the presence of God, serve him, and are happy in his service. # Mt 18:10 1Pe 1:12 Re 5:11 2c4b) Employed in works of providence and in greater work of redemption. # Ge 28:12 Ps 34:7 91:11,12 Mt 18:10 # Ac 5:19 12:7 27:23 Heb 1:13,14 # Ac 7:53 Ga 3:19 Heb 2:2 # 2Ki 19:35 1Ch 21:16 Ac 12:23 # Lu 2:10,11 Mr 1:13 Lu 22:43 Mt 28:2-4 # Joh 20:12 Ac 1:10,11 # Mt 13:49,50 24:31 25:31 1Th 4:16,17 2Th 1:7 2c5) Character. As to moral character, divided into two great classes. 2c5a) The good. # Ps 103:20 Lu 9:26 1Ti 5:21 2c5b) The bad. # Mt 12:24-27 Eph 2:2 6:12 1Ti 4:1 2c6) Satan, the chief of the fallen angels. 2c6a) Names applied to him. Satan # 1Ch 21:1 The devil # Mt 4:1,5,8 The tempter # Mt 4:3 Prince of the devils # Mr 3:22 Murderer and liar # Joh 8:44 Prince of this world # Joh 12:31 14:30 God of this world # 2Co 4:4 Prince of the power of the air # Eph 2:2 Adversary # 1Pe 5:8 Apollyon # Re 9:11 The old serpent, the deceiver # Re 12:9 The accuser # Re 12:10 The dragon # Re 20:2 2c6b) Personality # Mt 4:1-11 Joh 8:44 2Co 11:3,14 2c6c) Other evil angels subordinated to him # Mt 12:24-28 Lu 10:18 Eph 2:2 6:12 Re 9:11 20:2 2c6d) Power and work of Satan and his angels # Mt 4:1-11 1Co 5:5 2Co 4:4 11:14 Eph 6:11,12 # 2Th 2:9,10 1Ti 3:7 Heb 2:14 Re 12:9 2c6e) Prominent examples of temptation. Adam and Eve David Christ Judas Ananias and Sapphira 2c6f) Demoniacs were persons possessed of demons, agents of Satan. 2c7) Cherubim and Seraphim 2c7a) Some hold that the cherubim are real, personal creatures; others that they are ideal beings. The term "living creature" is applied to the same beings. May be regarded as symbolical of the highest properties of creature life and typical of redeemed manhood. # Ge 3:24 Ex 25:22 1Sa 4:4 Eze 1:5-25 10:1-22 # Re 4:6-9 5:6-14 6:1-7 2c7b) Seraphim. Mentioned only in Isa. 6. Probably the same as cherubim. 08506 \\Chapter 2 - Concerning Man\\ 1) Man was Created # Ge 1:27 Ex 20:11 Pr 20:12 Isa 45:12 Jer 27:5 Zec 12:1 1Co 11:9,10 2) Mankind has a Common Origin # Ge 1:27 5:1-3 7:21-24 9:18,19 Isa 63:16 64:8 Mal 2:10 Mt 6:9 # Lu 11:2 Ac 17:26-29 1Co 8:6 Eph 4:6 3) Man a Compound Being, Consisting of Body and Spirit # Ge 2:7 Ec 12:7 Mt 10:28 22:32 Lu 8:55 1Co 15:45 2Co 5:6,8 1Th 5:23 4) Man is the Offspring of God. See the texts under "Common Origin" # Lu 3:38 Joh 20:17 5) Man was Created in God's Image 5a) This includes knowledge, feeling, and will # Ge 1:26,27 5:1 1Co 11:7 Jas 3:9 5b) He was in a state of righteousness and holiness # Ec 7:29 2Co 3:13 Eph 4:24 Col 3:10 and the whole teaching of Scripture in regard to the state of the regenerated. 6) Man under Moral Law # Ge 2:16,17 Ex 20:1-26 De 6:6-9 27:26 32:46 Jos 1:8 # Ps 1:1-3 78:5 119:72,92 Mt 5:17,19 7:21,24-27 Joh 14:21 # Ro 2:13-15 8:4 Jas 1:22,25 1Jo 2:3,4 Re 22:14 08507 \\Chapter 3 - Concerning Sin\\ 1) Its Nature 1a) Its origin, as regards the human race. The first man and woman, by their own choice, violated the law of God; they sinned against God. # Ge 3:1-24 1b) Words, which describe sin in some of its forms. Hebrew: "CHATA," to go out of the way, to miss the mark. "PASHA," to transgress. "AVAH," to twist, to act perversely. Greek: "HAMARITIA," a missing of the mark. "PARAPTOMA," a falling away from law, truth, right. "PARABASIS," a going over or beyond truth and right, transgression. "ANOMIA," lawlessness. "ASEBEIA," irreverence. 1c) Definition. "Sin is any want of conformity to, or transgression of, the law of God." 2) Its Extent and Penalty 2a) By sinning, our first parents incurred the penalty of eternal death, including loss of communion with God, supremacy of worldly affections, and consequent misery, wretchedness, and pain. # Ge 2:17 Eze 18:4 Mt 25:46 Ro 5:12 6:23 1Co 15:58 Ga 6:8 # Jas 1:15 2b) Sin natural to every human being, depravity being hereditary. # Ps 51:5 58:3 Jer 17:9 Joh 3:6 Ro 5:12-19 7:14-24 8:7 # 1Co 15:22 Ga 5:17,19-21 Eph 2:1,3 2c) All men sinners; therefore subject to same penalty incurred by the first sin. # Ge 6:5,11,12 1Ki 8:46 2Ch 6:36 Ps 53:1-3 Pr 20:6,9 Ec 7:20 # Joh 3:19 Ro 3:9-18,23 11:32 Ga 3:22 1Jo 1:8,10 2d) Therefore all need redemption. # Joh 3:5,6 Ro 5:18 7:24,25 2Co 5:14,15,19 Ga 3:21,22 # Tit 2:14 Heb 2:9 1Jo 2:2 08508 \\Chapter 4 - Concerning Redemption\\ 1) Introductory and General Statements The sin and ruin of man gave occasion for the gracious interposition of God. In the curse upon the serpent was intimated the purpose of redemption. # Ge 3:15 1a) There is, however, no Self-redemption The fall of man wrought a change in both his nature and his condition. To be redeemed he must be placed where he was before, both as to character and as to state. His purity must be restored; his condemnation must be removed. Man cannot redeem himself, because-- 1a1) The legal difficulty is insuperable. The divine law requires a perfect obedience. # Mt 22:37 Ga 3:10 There can be no surplus obedience, no reparation for sin that is past. 1a2) The moral difficulty is insuperable. # Job 14:14 Joh 3:6 There is no tendency in that which is sinful to that which is holy. No sinner can regain by self-effort alone the purity which he has lost; but this is indispensable to redemption. # Heb 12:14 1b) No Redemption by other Creatures It is equally certain that, while sinful man cannot redeem himself, no other creature can redeem him. The fact of creatureship necessitates dependence and obligation. The highest angel and all the angels are under law to God. That law is perfect, it exacts their whole power of love and service. By no possibility can they love and serve God except for themselves alone. To find a being qualified and able to redeem, we must find one over whom the law has no jurisdiction. In the presence of that being we are in the presence of God. 1c) Will God redeem? 1c1) Nature furnishes presumptive evidence that God will redeem. Nature show the goodness of God. His gifts are not determined by the moral character of man. # Ps 103:10 145:15,16 147:8,9 Mt 5:45 6:26 1c2) In the world man is subject to many evils as to his body, but all around him are remedies in nature. 1c3) The universal presence of sacrifice is another presumption. It is probable that sacrifice did not originate with man, but in the appointment of God. # Ge 3:21 1c4) If nature is uncertain, revelation is clear and conclusive. From the fall of Adam to the birth of Christ the divine purpose was constantly being more fully and clearly revealed. # Ge 3:15 4:4 5:24-29 6:8 14:18 Joh 8:56 Isa 53:1-12 # Da 9:24-27 Joe 2:28-32 Zec 13:1-7 1c5) The presence and work of the Holy Spirit also attested. # Ge 6:3 Ex 31:2,3 Jud 6:34 11:29 Ne 9:20 # Isa 44:3,4 59:21 63:11 Hag 2:5 1d) The Redeemer, or Messiah, has Already Come It is plain from the prophecies and from their historical fulfilment that the Messiah must have long since come. # Ge 49:10 Da 9:25 Hag 2:6-9 Mal 3:1 1e) Jesus Christ the Messiah, as shown by Fulfilled Prophecies 1e1) Was to be from eternity the fellow of God. # Isa 9:6 Mic 5:2 Zec 13:7 Mt 3:17 Joh 1:1-3 1Jo 5:20 1e2) To be born not by ordinary generation, but of a virgin. # Isa 7:14 Mt 1:18-25 Lu 1:26-33 1e3) In Bethlehem of Judea # Mic 5:2 Lu 2:4,11 Mt 2:4-6 Joh 7:42 1e4) To come while the sceptre still lingered with Judah, near by the close of the weeks predicted by Daniel, and while the second temple was yet standing. # Ge 49:10 Mt 2:1 Da 9:25 Lu 2:1 Hag 2:6-9 Mt 24:1,2 1e5) To be of the race of Abraham, of the tribe of Judah, of the family of David. # Ge 22:18 49:10 2Sa 7:16 Isa 11:1-9 1e6) To come in humble circumstances # Isa 53:2 Lu 2:7-24 Isa 49:7 Mt 8:20 Mr 6:3 1e7) To make himself known by works of mercy and of supernatural power. # Isa 35:3-6 Joh 5:36,37 Isa 42:7 61:1-3 Joh 10:24,25 1e8) To be despised and rejected of men # Isa 53:3-7 Joh 1:10,11 Lu 23:18-21 1e9) To be cut off by a violent death and his body to be pierced # Isa 53:8 Da 9:26 Lu 23:23,33 Ps 22:16 Joh 20:25 # Zec 12:10 Joh 19:34 1e10) Other prophecies concerning his death # Ps 22:7,8 Mt 27:39-43 Ps 69:21 Mt 27:34 Ps 22:18 # Joh 19:23,24 Ex 12:46 Joh 19:33,36 Isa 53:12 # Mr 15:27 Isa 53:9 Mt 27:57-60 1e11) To rise from the dead, to ascend on high, leading captivity captive. # Ps 16:9-11 Mt 28:5-7 Ps 68:18 Ac 1:9-11 1f) The Incarnation The word incarnation comes from Latin words (IN and CARO, CARNIS, flesh) meaning "in the flesh." To become incarnate is to become a man. Remaining God, Christ became man and as such lived among men. The divine was not changed into the human, or co-mingled with the human so that it became what it was not before, but THE DIVINE TOOK THE HUMAN INTO UNION WITH ITSELF AND SO ENTERED A FORM OR MODE OF BEING WHICH WAS NEW AS WELL AS MYSTERIOUS. As by faith we understand that the world was framed by the word of God, so by faith we understand that he who frame the world became incarnate. # Heb 1:1-14 11:3 While incarnation could not affect the nature and properties of Deity, it did affect their manifestation. The glory which the Son had with the Father was not visible when he was among men. # Joh 17:5 Php 2:7 Joh 1:14 Lu 1:32 To the sight of men the human was the more constant and conspicuous. At times, however, there was the clear shining forth of Deity. # Mt 7:28,29 Joh 3:2 7:46 Mt 17:1,2 1g) Old Testament Intimations of the Incarnation 1g1) In the first promise. In the renewal of the promise to Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and David he was to be their seed. # Ge 3:15 22:18 28:14 2Sa 7:12-29 1g2) The theophanies of the old covenant were manifestations of God in the person of his Son. 1g2a) To Abraham # Ge 18:1-33 1g2b) To Jacob # Ge 32:22-32 1g2c) To Joshua # Jos 5:13 6:5 1g2d) To Manoah and his wife # Jud 13:1-25 1g3) Isaiah said: "A Virgin shall conceive, and bear a son" # Isa 7:14 This would make him human, at the same time his name was Immanuel, GOD WITH US. See also: # Isa 9:6 Zec 13:7 Mt 26:31 1h) Necessity of the Incarnation Its necessity in the fact of sin. God under no obligation to redeem lost men, but, on the supposition of redemption, the Redeemer must become incarnate. 1h1) God alone could redeem. The law broken must be vindicated, the nature defiled must be renewed. Men and angels are utterly incompetent in such and exigency. The case necessitates a divine Redeemer. 1h2) God himself in redeeming men must do it righteously. His perfect law cannot be set aside. The Redeemer must come under the law, under its jurisdiction and its power. But to do this he must come out of the sphere of absolute God-head into that of real manhood. # Heb 2:14-16 It was impossible that he should cease to be God; it was not impossible that he should assume into union with himself the nature of man. 1i) The Mediator The Greek word for mediator is EMITES, meaning ONE WHO GOES BETWEEN, or IN THE MIDDLE. It embraces the additional ideas of VARIANCE and RECONCILIATION. 1i1) The word MEDIATOR does not in itself indicated by what means mediation is to be made. 1i1a) In the case of a MISAPPREHENSION the mediator would only need to explain, or be an interpreter. 1i1b) In a case of DELIBERATE WRONG the mediator would seek the clemency and favour of the offended party, and thus BECOME AN INTERCESSOR. 1i1c) If, further, the case were such that there were grave LIABILITIES IN LAW AND RIGHT resting upon the offending party, it would be requisite for the mediator to obtain for him, or himself become A SPONSOR, or to use the Scriptural word, a SURETY or BONDSMAN. 1i1d) If the obligations resting upon the offending party were SUCH AS HE COULD NOT IN HIS OWN PERSON, OR BY HIS OWN RESOURCES SATISFY, it would behove the mediator to take them upon himself, and actually meeting them became his REDEMPTOR, or REDEEMER. 1i2) The application of this idea to Christ. The word MEDIATOR as applied to Jesus Christ has this definite meaning--HE COMES BETWEEN MEN AND GOD--SEPARATED AND AT VARIANCE BY REASON OF SIN-- TO EFFECT THEIR RECONCILIATION, IN HARMONY WITH ETERNAL TRUTH, RIGHT, AND HOLINESS. # Heb 2:9-18 4:14-16 5:9 1j) Atonement 1ja) The usage of the English word 1ja1) Its verbal meaning. This is seen by pronouncing it at-one-ment. In this verbal sense the word expresses a RESULT, not that by which the result is gained. 1ja2) In theology the word is commonly used to denote THAT PART OF THE PRIESTLY WORK OF CHRIST BY WHICH HE MADE SATISFACTION TO THE LAW AND JUSTICE OF GOD FOR THE SINS OF MEND, AND IN VIEW OF WHICH MEN ARE SAVED. In this use it expresses not reconciliation itself, but that which reconciles. 1jb) Scriptural words in this connection 1jb1) In the Old Testament the fundamental Hebrew word for atonement means TO COVER. # Ps 32:1 According to it, sin is expiated or atoned for by COVERING it. 1jb2) In the New Testament. (1) KATALLAGE (Ro 5:11), means a change or an exchange; i.e., a change from enmity to love, and so reconciliation. # Ro 5:11 (2) APOLUTROSIS (Ro 3.24), deliverance by a ransom or by payment of price. # Mat 20:28 1Pe 1:18,19 (3) HILASMOS, propitiation. Both Jews and Gentiles perfectly understood the meaning of HILASMOS. When under a sense of sin they would make a propitiation--they approached the altar and laid upon it the sacrificial victim. # 1Jo 2:2 1jb3) If now we combine and formulate these ideas, we see that the atonement of Christ is THAT SATISFACTION TO THE LAW AND JUSTICE OF FOR THE SINS OF MEN, WHICH, AS THE ONE GREAT HIGH PRIEST, HE MADE HIS OWN OBEDIENCE TO DEATH, AND ON THE GROUND OF WHICH HE CARRIES ON HIS ACTS OF INTERCESSION AND BENEDICTION IN HEAVEN. 1k) Redemption (In contrast with atonement.) ATONEMENT is the ground and means of redemption, while REDEMPTION is the result of atonement. Redemption consists of two parts, the one legal, the other moral. The work of Christ meets the demands of the law and man is justified. The work of the Spirit renews the depraved nature and reforms the sinner in the divine image, and man is sanctified. 08509 next 8550 08549 next 8508